What the flute? A comprehensive guide to CNC router bits
Posted by Adam Malec with help from Garry Wilson on 20th Mar 2024
So you got your new CNC and have no idea what the difference between a straight cut and a compression cutter is? That's ok, I was the same and I am sure everyone goes through the same motions. I have written a bit by bit guide on the most popular profiles available and will give you an overview of their capabilities.
In this guide I will cover
- 1 Flute Up Cut (for Plastics)
- 2 Flute Spiral Up Cut
- 2 Flute Straight Flute
- 2 Flute Spiral Down Cut
- 2 Flute Compression Up Down Cut
- 1 Flute Up Cut (for Soft Metals)
- 1 Flute Down Cut
- 2 Flute BALL NOSE Carbide Mill (for 3D Carving)
- 2 & 3 Flute TCT STRAIGHT Carbide Tipped End Mill
- 2 Flute TAPERED Ball Nose Carbide Mill (for 3D Carving)
- V Bit Carbide End Mill (for engraving)
Just a caveat, the achievable results published here are based on the bits sold by Adam's Bits. These are because we've gone through some extensive testing under various conditions. Also, what works for others, might not for you of which therefore Adam's Bits is not liable for bit breakages and undesirable consequences as a result of using this guide. OK, we got that out of the way, let's go!
1 Flute Up Cut (for Plastics)
There is only really one bit that you would want to attempt on plastics and that is the 1 flute up cut. Also know and single or “O” flute, the one toothed up cutter allows for maximum chip ejection compared to any other bit and generates the least amount of heat. The combination of the two means that when cutting plastics, you avoid the nasty occurance of “chip rewelding” where plastic upon cutting heats up to the point it solidifies behind the cutter, rather than ejecting nicely. As these bits are purposely aggressive, using these bits on laminated woods like ply or softwoods would tear up your material and leave a heavily burred finished.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Excellent
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Good
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Not suitable
Adam’s Tips
To reduce rewelding, ensure your bit doesn’t heat up by driving your feed rate high and router RPM low.
2 Flute Spiral Up Cut
A 2 flute up cutter sports two cutting edges or “teeth” which now means that for every rotation of the bit, two edges will be cutting your material. Also known as “fishtail” or spiral up cut, these bits are like a traditional drill bit in which the spirals direct chips up . A benefit of a 2 flute up cut is that you can drive your bit twice as fast in feed than a single flute although with 2 flutes now occupying the cutter, the chip ejection is not as good. These cutters are primed for high efficiency cutting on woods but do leave a burr on the top of your material and a clean finish on the bottom side.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Good
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Good
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - OK
Adam’s Tips
Up cuts have a tendency to pull up the material you are cutting. Ensure that the you are using suitable hold down methods such as double sided tape, masking tape + super glue or clamps over a small area. Also watch out for cut parts popping up if you are using a dust boot.
2 Flute Straight Flute
A favourite of MDF & ply “decor warriors” a straight flute sports straight blades which is great for all timber types and suitable for laminate material like ply, melamine chipboard (whiteboard) and veneers. A 2 flute straight cut has the unique ability to be not only very well priced as compared to down and compression cutters but also give a great finish to your material on both top and bottom. A little brush is all that is needed to remove residual burrs. A disadvantage of a straight bit is that due to the geometry the bit does tend to blunt a tad sooner than other profiles. Popular sizes to look out for are the 1mm diameter bit for 3mm material, 1.5mm for 6mm, 2mm for 17mm and ⅛” for 18mm material.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Ok
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Great
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Great
Adam’s Tips
A straight flute creates a lot of dust as opposed to chips so make sure you have appropriate ventilation or dust extraction when cutting. On the plus side, the dust gets stuck and packed back into the slot you have made and keeps your cut item in place. This has the advantage of not having to use tabs or tape to hold your material down and cuts overall handling time.
2 Flute Spiral Down Cut
A spiral down cut has blades which forces chips down back into your material. This has benefits of providing a perfect top finish to any wood type especially plys and top finishes. Made of a very high tungsten carbide material, down cut bits are the a weapon of choice in anyone's arsenal. Opposite to a spiral up cut, a down cut will give you a perfect top finish but a burred bottom finish. Therefore these bits are most effective for engraving & lettering rather than cutting all the way through.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Not suitable
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Great (top finish only)
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Great (top finish only)
Adam’s Tips
Just like a straight flute, a down cut creates a lot of dust as opposed to chips so make sure you have appropriate ventilation or dust extraction when cutting. On the plus side, the dust gets stuck and packed back into the slot you have made and keeps your cut item in place. This has the advantage of not having to use tabs or tape to hold your material down and cuts overall handling time but to the detriment of sanding the bottom of your material.
2 Flute Compression Up Down Cut
If an upcut gives you a great bottom finish and a down cut a great top finish, why not have both with a compression cutter! A compression cutter starts with an up cut component usually the length of the diameter (eg. ⅛” has a ⅛” up cut component and the rest to down cut) so get the full benefit of the cutter, your first plunge must go below that length (eg. ⅛” or more). Compression cutters like to run a bit faster than other wood cutting bit to get the best finish along the side of your material.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Not suitable
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Excellent
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Excellent
- Melamine White Board - Excellent
Adam’s Tips
Albeit compression bits are primarily used for slot cutting, you can still profile cut as long as you go past the up cut component. This will give you both a perfect bottom and top finish.
1 Flute Up Cut (for Soft Metals)
When cutting soft metals like aluminium & brass, there is nothing easier to use and more suitable than a high grade 1 flute up cut. An 1 flute has the best chip ejection and heat dissipation which avoids jamming due to the gummy nature of soft materials. An 1 flute also has the capability to operate effectively with widely varied feeds and speeds as compared to 2 & 3 flute when slotting. For peripheral cutting, a 2 or 3 flute for soft metals is ideal for the side & bottom finish.
Suitable for
- Soft Metals (Aluminium & Brass) - Excellent
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Great
- Aluminium Composite Materials - Excellent
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Not suitable
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Not suitable
Adam’s Tips
You will get a different finish on the side of your material depending if you use a climb or conventional cut. Do some test cuts and check which side comes out the best and adjust your toolpath accordingly.
1 Flute Down Cut
An 1 flute down cut are suitable for both aluminium composite material (a.k.a aluminium composite panel, ACM, alucobond), plastics and wood. Operating in the same manner as the 2 flute down cut, an 1 flute has a single cutting edge and forces chips back down into the material.
Suitable for
- Soft Metals (Aluminium & Brass) - Not suitable
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc) - Great
- Aluminium Composite Materials - Excellent
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Great (top finish only)
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Great (top finish only)
Adam’s Tips
Depending on the rigidity of your cnc, you can cut aluminium composite panel with 1 or 2 passes. Also, if you find that using a smaller diameter bit (e.g. 2mm) creates a higher than desired clean up time due to plastic chips packing back into the slot, try a 1 flute up cut for aluminium.
2 Flute BALL NOSE Carbide Mill (for 3D Carving)
A favourite of CNC enthusiasts is to 3D carve and a ball nose router bit allows you to do just that. These are a great entry level bits as the are value for money compared to tapered ball nose. The radius = 1/2 of the diameter with no flat bottom. These bits can also be used to engrave lettering.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc.) - Great
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Excellent
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Great
- Soft Metals Not Suitable
Adam’s Tips
Cutting against the grain reduces fuzzy material forming in your carve. This can be set in your 3D carving software under the term "raster".
3 Flute TCT STRAIGHT Carbide Tipped End Mill
A combination of high quality carbide braised on an 8mm HSS shank, these router bits have gone through rigorous testing and customer feedback to give you a great cutter at an amazing price. These bits are designed for cutting MDF, plywood, soft and hard wood where you require speed and high efficiency. Go even harder with 3 flute straight with an innovative chip breaker profile that will slice through your material with a perfect finish.
Suitable for
- Wood (MDF, hardwood) - Excellent
- Wood (Ply & softwoods) - Excellent
Adam’s Tips
These are industrial bits and like to go fast. Going slow will reduce the life of the tool due to heat build up.
2 Flute TAPERED Ball Nose Carbide Mill (for 3D Carving)
The most versatile bit you need to have in your set is the tapered ball nose. Capable of engraving wood, plastics, soft metals and even steel, these are a high quality bit and withstand a beating even with a R0.25mm tip. Some uses of this bit include cutting PCB tracks, engraving lettering in ABS or even steel plates, 3D carving of aluminum or brass and much more.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc.) - Excellent
- Wood - Excellent
- Steel - Excellent
- Soft Metals - Excellent
Adam’s Tips
Avoid a deep depth of cut to improve the finish of your material and increase the feed rate to make up for lost time. Also, use a lubricant when cutting soft metals or steel to ensure the cleanest finish.
V Bit Carbide End Mill (for engraving)
Used in sign-making and detail work, V-bits are great for carving intricate design in detail on a wide range of materials. V-bits add depth and dimension where the same result cannot be achieved with a flat bit. These are a 1 flute cutter so the finish on softer material will leave a slight burr.
Suitable for
- Plastics (ABS, acrylic, HPDE etc.) - Great
- Wood - Great
- Soft Metals - Great
Adam’s Tips
A V bit is a great alternative to a small diameter straight cutter in engraving very fine detail. Use a smaller degree bit with a finer tip to achieve width of cuts smaller than 0.5mm. It is advisable to test on some scrap your carve to dial in the desired result.